Two seed patterns grow and compete with each other for space. (2) Running IG is like the growth of the phenome over time. It is a static encoding of the information that determines how the game will unfold, according to the rules of the game. Our previous article on Model-S (Turney, 2020b) discussed the analogies presented here in the first six rows in Table 2: (1) The initial seed pattern in a cellular automaton is like a genome. Table 2 outlines a mapping between elements of biological life and elements of Model-S. Model-S is a highly abstract, simplified model of biological life. The main result of our past work is evidence for the hypothesis that symbiosis promotes fitness improvements in IG (Turney, 2020b). This new fused seed is treated as a whole that is, selection shifts from the level of the two parts to the level of the whole. Two seeds are selected from the population and fused together, side-by-side, creating a new symbiotic genome. The resulting child is then passed on to Layer 2 for mutation. Layer 3 selects two seeds from the population and then combines them with genetic crossover. In addition to mutation by flipping bits (in Layer 1), the binary matrix is allowed to grow or shrink by adding or subtracting a row or column to or from the matrix. Layer 2 implements a slightly more sophisticated asexual reproduction. Its fitness is the average fraction of games it wins. The chosen seed pattern is mutated by randomly flipping some of the bits in the binary matrix, and it then competes in a series of one-on-one Immigration Games with the other members of the population. A member of the population is selected for reproduction using tournament selection. Layer 1 implements a simple form of asexual reproduction, with a fixed genome size (that is, a fixed binary matrix size). We find that the fitness of evolved seed patterns in Model-S is highly correlated with the diversity and quantity of multicellular autopoietic structures. We use the apgsearch software (Ash Pattern Generator Search), developed by Adam Goucher for the study of ashes, to analyze autopoiesis and multicellularity in Model-S. (8) The seed patterns in the Game of Life give rise to multiple, diverse, cooperating autopoietic structures, analogous to multicellular biological life. The current article takes this analogy two steps further: (7) Autopoietic structures in the Game of Life ( still lifes, oscillators, and spaceships-collectively known as ashes) are analogous to cells in biology. (6) The fusion of seed patterns in Model-S is analogous to symbiosis. (5) The first three layers in Model-S are analogous to biological reproduction. (4) The Immigration Game in Model-S is analogous to competition in biology. (3) “Tournament selection in Model-S is analogous to natural selection in biology. (2) The changes as the game runs are analogous to the development of the phenome. Our previous article showed that Model-S can serve as a highly abstract, simplified model of biological life: (1) The initial seed pattern is analogous to a genome. In the model, the fitness of a seed pattern is measured by one-on-one competitions in the Immigration Game, a two-player variation of the Game of Life. ![]() Note: a tilde (~) has been used in lieu of leaving a cell blank when it is useful for that cell to sort at the bottom of the collating sequence.Recently we introduced a model of symbiosis, Model-S, based on the evolution of seed patterns in Conway's Game of Life. For this reason, the list only includes the first 86 after that, the frequency of each object is less than 1 in 100 billion of all oscillator occurrences and the numbers are too small for any order to be meaningful. ![]() The rest of the objects in the list are very uncommon. However, the first three in the list comprise nearly 100% of all natural occurrences. The relative frequency column gives an estimate of the fraction of all randomly-occurring oscillators that will be of the given type. Names for objects are taken from Catagolue where applicable the apgcode of the object is substituted otherwise. ![]() This is a list of the most common oscillators in the Game of Life, specifically Catagolue's B3/S23/ C1 census, as of February 28, 2022, comprising nearly 2 quadrillion object occurrences.
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